Diphtheria is a severe bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, predominantly affecting the mucous membranes of the throat and nose. While it can also target the skin, its respiratory form poses the greatest risk due to its ability to cause life-threatening complications. This highly contagious disease spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing and via contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, making it a significant public health concern in unvaccinated populations.
A distinguishing feature of respiratory diphtheria is the development of a thick, grayish membrane in the throat, which can obstruct breathing and swallowing. Other symptoms include fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands, and general malaise. In severe cases, the toxin produced by the bacteria disseminates through the bloodstream, potentially damaging critical organs like the heart, nerves, and kidneys. Such complications can lead to myocarditis, paralysis, or acute kidney injury, underlining the necessity for swift medical intervention.
Historically, diphtheria was a major cause of childhood mortality. However, the introduction of the diphtheria vaccine in the mid-20th century revolutionized its control. The vaccine, administered as part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) immunization series, is highly effective. Booster doses, such as Tdap, are recommended for adolescents and adults to maintain immunity. Despite these advances, diphtheria outbreaks still occur in regions with low vaccination coverage, including parts of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sporadic outbreaks have been reported recently in areas destabilized by conflict or where healthcare infrastructure is weakened.
Treatment combines antibiotics, like penicillin or erythromycin, to eradicate the bacteria and an antitoxin to neutralize the diphtheria toxin. Prompt diagnosis is essential to reduce morbidity and prevent further spread. Public health strategies—such as mass immunization campaigns, contact tracing, and improved hygiene practices—are critical in controlling outbreaks.
Diphtheria serves as a stark reminder of the importance of vaccination in safeguarding public health. While largely preventable, lapses in immunization can lead to devastating outbreaks, emphasizing the need for sustained global efforts to ensure vaccine access and coverage.Diphtheria: A Controllable Yet Dangerous Bacterial Infection
