Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a diverse group of over 200 related viruses that target the skin and mucous membranes. Roughly 40 of these are sexually transmitted, affecting the genital, anal, oral, and throat regions. As one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally, HPV affects nearly all sexually active individuals at some point, often without symptoms.
Most HPV infections are transient and cleared by the immune system within two years. However, high-risk strains—particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18—pose serious health threats. These strains are implicated in about 70% of cervical cancer cases and are also linked to anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. In contrast, low-risk types such as HPV-6 and HPV-11 cause genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis but rarely lead to malignancy.
Screening remains vital for early detection. Pap smears, often combined with HPV DNA testing, help identify precancerous changes in cervical cells. For individuals with a cervix, regular screening from age 21 is recommended, with HPV co-testing typically starting at age 30.
Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure. The nonavalent HPV vaccine (e.g., Gardasil 9) protects against nine HPV types, including the most cancer-causing and wart-inducing strains. It is recommended for individuals aged 9–26, but adults up to age 45 may also benefit. Global immunization programs, especially in countries like Australia and the UK, have significantly reduced HPV infections and related diseases.
Alongside vaccination, public education and safe sex practices—such as consistent condom use—remain crucial. With increased awareness, screening, and immunization, HPV-related cancers and conditions are increasingly preventable, marking significant progress in global health initiatives.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
