Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, affecting millions worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The parasite primarily targets the intestines, causing symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramping. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the liver, forming abscesses and causing further complications such as fever, jaundice, and weight loss.
Transmission occurs mainly through the ingestion of E. histolytica cysts, which are commonly found in contaminated food and water sources. These cysts are highly resilient, withstanding stomach acid and remaining viable in moist environments for extended periods. Poor sanitation, inadequate sewage treatment, and insufficient access to clean drinking water are significant factors contributing to amoebiasis outbreaks, especially in densely populated areas. The disease is prevalent in developing countries, where infrastructure limitations make consistent sanitation challenging, though travelers to these regions can also be affected.
Inside the host, cysts convert into trophozoites, the active and invasive form of the parasite. Trophozoites penetrate the intestinal lining, causing tissue damage, inflammation, and, in some cases, forming deep ulcers. The resulting dysentery is characterized by frequent and bloody stools, which can lead to dehydration and malnutrition if left untreated. In cases where trophozoites reach the bloodstream, they can migrate to other organs, most commonly the liver, leading to extraintestinal complications.
Diagnosis of amoebiasis involves detecting E. histolytica cysts or trophozoites in stool samples using microscopy, antigen tests, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, which offer higher sensitivity. Ultrasound, CT scans, and serological tests can also help identify liver abscesses and other complications. Once diagnosed, the standard treatment involves a two-phase antibiotic regimen: a tissue-acting agent like metronidazole or tinidazole to eliminate active trophozoites, followed by a luminal agent such as paromomycin to target cysts in the intestines and prevent relapse.
Preventing amoebiasis relies on good hygiene practices and access to clean water. Proper handwashing, avoiding raw or unwashed produce, and ensuring safe drinking water can reduce the risk of infection. In regions where sanitation infrastructure is limited, community-wide efforts to improve water treatment and sanitation facilities are essential. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF promote initiatives to increase access to clean water and sanitation, which are critical to lowering the global burden of amoebiasis.Amoebiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention
